refactor(query): split table context and extract reusable query components

[forsaken628]

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Summary

This PR completes the TableContext split by narrowing the top-level trait to subtraits, simple component getters, and as_any,
while moving simple shared state into reusable components.

It also extracts reusable query-side components such as broadcast, copy, mutation, result cache, read block thresholds, and
segment locations into common-component, and reorganizes QueryContext so trait implementations are grouped into dedicated modules
instead of staying in one large file. Most call-site changes are mechanical rewires to the new trait/component layout.

Tests

• Unit Test
• Logic Test
• Benchmark Test
• No Test - Explain why

Type of change

• Bug Fix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New Feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking Change (fix or feature that could cause existing functionality not to work as expected)
• Documentation Update
• Refactoring
• Performance Improvement
• Other (please describe):

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